@article{OrrisonEtAl1983a, year = {1983}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {45}, pages = {536-545}, author = {Orrison, L.H. and Cherry, W.B. and Tyndall, R.L. and Fliermans, C.B. and Gough, S.B. and Lambert, M.A. and McDougal, L.K. and Bibb, W.F. and Brenner, D.J.}, title = {\textit{Legionella oakridgensis}: unusual new species isolated from cooling tower water.}, abstract = {We describe a new species of \textit{Legionella} represented by 10 strains isolated from industrial cooling towers. \textit{Legionella oakridgensis} differed genetically from the other seven species of \textit{Legionella} in DNA hybridization studies and differed serologically in direct fluorescent-antibody tests. The new species, unlike all other species except \textit{L. jordanis}, did not require added L-cysteine for growth in serial transfer on charcoal-yeast extract agar. \textit{L. oakridgensis}, as well as three other species tested, required L-cysteine for primary isolation from animal tissues. \textit{L. oakridgensis} was the only species of \textit{Legionella} that failed to produce alkaline phosphatase at pH 8.5. In all other respects, it resembled other species of \textit{Legionella}, including having a high content of branched-chain cellular fatty acids and being pathogenic for guinea pigs. These bacteria have not yet been associated with human disease, but they are potential causes of legionellosis.}, doi = {10.1128/aem.45.2.536-545.1983}, issue = {2}, pmid = {6830217} } @article{BrennerEtAl1988a, year = {1988}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {26}, pages = {1695-1703}, author = {Brenner, D.J. and Steigerwalt, A.G. and Epple, P. and Bibb, W.F. and McKinney, R.M. and Starnes, R.W. and Colville, J.M. and Selander, R.K. and Edelstein, P.H. and Moss, C.W.}, title = {\textit{Legionella pneumophila} serogroup Lansing 3 isolated from a patient with fatal pneumonia, and descriptions of \textit{L. pneumophila} subsp. \textit{pneumophila} subsp. nov., \textit{L. pneumophila} subsp. \textit{fraseri} subsp. nov., and \textit{L. pneumophila} subsp. \textit{pascullei} subsp. nov.}, abstract = {Previous DNA relatedness and enzyme electrophoretic mobility studies indicated heterogeneity among strains of \textit{Legionella pneumophila} serogroups 1, 4, 5, and Lansing 3 (a new, as yet unnumbered serogroup). In this study 60 \textit{L. pneumophila} strains were studied by DNA hybridization (hydroxyapatite method) to assess their genomic relatedness. These strains were also studied biochemically and serologically to determine whether they formed one or more phenotypic groups. DNA relatedness studies identified three groups. DNA group 1 contained the type strain Philadelphia 1 and strains from serogroups 1 through 14 of \textit{L. pneumophila}. The average relatedness of DNA group 1 strains was 88% at 60 degrees C with 1.1% divergence in related sequences and 85% at 75 degrees C. DNA group 2 contained strain Los Angeles 1, the reference strain of serogroup 4, and strains of serogroups 1, 4, 5, and Lansing 3, an unnumbered serogroup. Average relatedness of DNA group 2 strains was 84% at 60 degrees C with 0.7% divergence and 87% at 75 degrees C. Reciprocal relatedness of DNA groups 1 and 2 was approximately 67% at 60 degrees C with 6.0% divergence and 48% at 75 degrees C. DNA group 3 strains were in serogroup 5. They were 98% related at 60 degrees C with 0.5% divergence and 97% related at 75 degrees C. Reciprocal relatedness of DNA group 3 and DNA group 1 was approximately 74% at 60 degrees C with 5.3% divergence and 43% at 75 degrees C, and reciprocal relatedness of DNA groups 3 and 2 was 66% at 60 degrees C with 5.7% divergence and 55% at 75 degrees C. The DNA groups could not be separated biochemically or serologically or by cell wall fatty acid and isoprenoid quinone composition. Three subspecies of \textit{L. pneumophila} are proposed to accommodate the three DNA groups: \textit{L. pneumophila} subsp. \textit{pneumophila} subsp. nov. for DNA group 1, \textit{L. pneumophila} subsp. \textit{fraseri} subsp. nov. for DNA group 2, and pneumophila subsp. pascullei subsp. nov. for DNA group 3.}, doi = {10.1128/jcm.26.9.1695-1703.1988}, issue = {9}, pmid = {3053773} } @article{VermaEtAl1992a, year = {1992}, journal = {Int J Syst Bacteriol}, volume = {42}, pages = {404-407}, author = {Verma, U.K. and Brenner, D.J. and Thacker, W.L. and Benson, R.F. and Vesey, G. and Kurtz, J.B. and Dennis, P.J. and Steigerwalt, A.G. and Robinson, J.S. and Moss, C.W.}, title = {\textit{Legionella shakespearei} sp. nov., isolated from cooling tower water.}, abstract = {A \textit{Legionella}-like organism (strain 214T [T = type strain]) was isolated from a cooling tower in Stratford-upon-Avon, England. This strain required L-cysteine and contained cellular branched-chain fatty acids that are typical of the genus \textit{Legionella}. Strain 214T produced pink colonies on buffered charcoal-yeast extract agar. Ubiquinone Q-12 was the major quinone. Strain 214T was serologically distinct from other legionellae as determined by a slide agglutination test. The results of DNA hybridization studies showed that strain 214T (= ATCC 49655T) is a member of a new \textit{Legionella} species, \textit{Legionella shakespearei}.}, doi = {10.1099/00207713-42-3-404}, issue = {3}, pmid = {1503972} } @article{MckinneyEtAl1981a, year = {1981}, journal = {Ann Intern Med}, volume = {94}, pages = {739-743}, author = {McKinney, R.M. and Porschen, R.K. and Edelstein, P.H. and Bissett, M.L. and Harris, P.P. and Bondell, S.P. and Steigerwalt, A.G. and Weaver, R.E. and Ein, M.E. and Lindquist, D.S. and Kops, R.S. and Brenner, D.J.}, title = {\textit{Legionella longbeachae} species nova, another etiologic agent of human pneumonia.}, abstract = {A new species of bacteria that is an etiologic agent of human pneumonia has been isolated and characterized. Clinical symptoms of infection with this organism are not readily distinguishable from those caused by \textit{Legionella pneumophila} infection. The organism was isolated from respiratory tract specimens from four patients. Two cases of infection apparently originated in California and one in Georgia, and a fourth was of unknown geographic origin. The name \textit{Legionella longbeachae} species nova is proposed for this organism. The type strain of \textit{L. longbeachae} is Long Beach 4 (= American Type Culture Collection 33462).}, doi = {10.7326/0003-4819-94-6-739}, issue = {6}, pmid = {7235414} } @article{LoprestiEtAl1999b, year = {1999}, journal = {Int J Syst Bacteriol}, volume = {49}, pages = {397-403}, author = {Lo Presti, F. and Riffard, S. and Meugnier, H. and Reyrolle, M. and Lasne, Y. and Grimont, P.A. and Grimont, F. and Vandenesch, F. and Etienne, J. and Fleurette, J. and Freney, J.}, title = {\textit{Legionella taurinensis} sp. nov., a new species antigenically similar to \textit{Legionella spiritensis}.}, abstract = {A group of 42 \textit{Legionella}-like organisms reacting specifically with \textit{Legionella spiritensis} serogroup 1 antisera were collected throughout Europe by the Centre National de Reference (French National Reference Centre) for \textit{Legionella}. This group of isolates differed somewhat from \textit{L. spiritensis} in terms of biochemical reactions, ubiquinone content and protein profile. The latter two analyses revealed that one of these \textit{L. spiritensis}-like isolates, Turin I no. 1T, was highly related, but not identical to any of the red autofluorescent species of \textit{Legionella}. In fact, this strain was the first of these particular isolates recognized to emit a red autofluorescence when exposed to UV light. Profile analysis of randomly amplified polymorphic DNA established that the red autofluorescent \textit{L. spiritensis}-like isolates constituted a homogeneous group distinct from \textit{Legionella rubrilucens} and \textit{Legionella erythra}. DNA-DNA hybridization studies involving the use of S1 nuclease confirmed that the indicated group of isolates are a new species of \textit{Legionella}, for which the name \textit{Legionella taurinensis} is proposed with strain Turin I no. 1T (deposited as ATCC 700508T) as the type strain.}, doi = {10.1099/00207713-49-2-397}, issue = {2}, pmid = {10319460} } @article{KurokiEtAl2007a, year = {2007}, journal = {Syst Appl Microbiol}, volume = {30}, pages = {273-279}, author = {Kuroki, H. and Miyamoto, H. and Fukuda, K. and Iihara, H. and Kawamura, Y. and Ogawa, M. and Wang, Y. and Ezaki, T. and Taniguchi, H.}, title = {\textit{Legionella impletisoli} sp. nov. and \textit{Legionella yabuuchiae} sp. nov., isolated from soils contaminated with industrial wastes in Japan.}, abstract = {In this study, we tried to isolate legionellae from nine \textit{Legionella} DNA-positive soil samples collected from four different sites contaminated with industrial wastes in Japan. Using culture methods with or without Acanthamoeba culbertsoni, a total of 22 isolates of legionellae were obtained from five of the nine samples. Identification of species and/or serogroups (SGs), performed by DNA-DNA hybridization and agglutination tests, revealed that the 22 isolates consisted of ten isolates of \textit{Legionella pneumophila} including five SGs, five \textit{Legionella feeleii}, and one each of \textit{Legionella dumoffii}, \textit{Legionella longbeachae}, and \textit{Legionella jamestownensis}. The species of the remaining four isolates (strains OA1-1, -2, -3, and -4) could not be determined, suggesting that these isolates may belong to new species. The 16S rDNA sequences (1476-1488bp) of the isolates had similarities of less than 95.0% compared to other \textit{Legionella} species. A phylogenetic tree created by analysis of the 16S rRNA (1270bp) genes demonstrated that the isolates formed distinct clusters within the genus \textit{Legionella}. Quantitative DNA-DNA hybridization tests on the OA1 strains indicated that OA1-1 should be categorized as a new taxon, whereas OA1-2, -3, and -4 were also genetically independent in another taxon. Based on the evaluated phenotypic and phylogenetic characteristics, it is proposed that one of these isolates from the soils, OA1-1, be classified as a novel species, \textit{Legionella impletisoli} sp. nov.; the type strain is strain OA1-1\textsuperscript{T} (=JCM 13919\textsuperscript{T}=DSMZ 18493\textsuperscript{T}). The remaining three isolates belong to another novel \textit{Legionella} species, \textit{Legionella yabuuchiae} sp. nov.; the type strain is strain OA1-2\textsuperscript{T} (=JCM 14148\textsuperscript{T}=DSMZ 18492\textsuperscript{T}). This is the first report on the isolation of legionellae from soils contaminated with industrial wastes.}, doi = {10.1016/j.syapm.2006.11.005}, issue = {4}, pmid = {17197147} } @article{WilkinsonEtAl1988b, year = {1988}, journal = {Ann Inst Pasteur Microbiol}, volume = {139}, pages = {393-402}, author = {Wilkinson, H.W. and Drasar, V. and Thacker, W.L. and Benson, R.F. and Schindler, J. and Potuznikova, B. and Mayberry, W.R. and Brenner, D.J.}, title = {\textit{Legionella moravica} sp. nov. and \textit{Legionella brunensis} sp. nov. isolated from cooling-tower water.}, abstract = {Two \textit{Legionella}-like organisms were isolated from cooling-tower water samples in Czechoslovakia. They were presumptively identified as legionellae by their growth on buffered charcoal-yeast extract agar (BCYE) containing L-cysteine and their absence of growth on BCYE without L-cysteine. Both strains contained predominately branch-chained cellular fatty acids and were therefore definitively placed in the genus \textit{Legionella}. They were serologically distinct from other described \textit{Legionella} species and were shown by DNA studies to constitute two new \textit{Legionella} species, \textit{Legionella moravica} (type strain 316-36; ATCC 43877) and \textit{Legionella brunensis} (type strain 441-1; ATCC 43878).}, doi = {10.1016/0769-2609(88)90102-0}, issue = {4}, pmid = {3179063} } @article{BrownEtAl1981a, year = {1981}, journal = {Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol.}, volume = {31}, pages = {111-115}, author = {Brown, A. and Garrity, G.M. and Vickers, R.M.}, title = {\textit{Fluoribacter dumoffii} (Brenner et al.) comb. nov. and \textit{Fluoribacter gormanii} (Morris et al.) comb. nov.}, doi = {10.1099/00207713-31-2-111}, issue = {2} } @article{MorrisEtAl1980a, year = {1980}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {12}, pages = {718-721}, author = {Morris, G.K. and Steigerwalt, A. and Feeley, J.C. and Wong, E.S. and Martin, W.T. and Patton, C.M. and Brenner, D.J.}, title = {\textit{Legionella gormanii} sp. nov.}, abstract = {A new species of \textit{Legionella} was isolated from soil collected from a creek bank. The name \textit{Legionella gormanii} sp. nov. is proposed.}, doi = {10.1128/jcm.12.5.718-721.1980}, issue = {5}, pmid = {7276144} } @article{AdelekeEtAl2001a, year = {2001}, journal = {Int J Syst Evol Microbiol}, volume = {51}, pages = {1151-1160}, author = {Adeleke, A.A. and Fields, B.S. and Benson, R.F. and Daneshvar, M.I. and Pruckler, J.M. and Ratcliff, R.M. and Harrison, T.G. and Weyant, R.S. and Birtles, R.J. and Raoult, D. and Halablab, M.A.}, title = {\textit{Legionella drozanskii} sp. nov., \textit{Legionella rowbothamii} sp. nov. and \textit{Legionella fallonii} sp. nov.: three unusual new \textit{Legionella} species.}, abstract = {Seven strains of \textit{Legionella}-like amoebal pathogens (LLAPs) were characterized on the basis of their cultural and staining characteristics, biochemical reactions, serology, cellular fatty acids (CFAs), isoprenoid quinone composition, total DNA relatedness, analysis of 16S rRNA and macrophage infectivity potentiator (mip) gene sequence analyses. All seven strains exhibited limited growth on buffered charcoal yeast extract alpha (BCYE) agar, required cysteine for growth and contained branched-chain CFAs and quinones typical of \textit{Legionella} species. The bacilli were Gram-negative and catalase-positive. There were varying degrees of serological cross-reactions between these LLAP strains and other previously described \textit{Legionella} species. Results from the various tests revealed that four LLAP strains represent three unusual new species of \textit{Legionella}: \textit{Legionella drozanskii} sp. nov., type strain LLAP-1T; \textit{Legionella rowbothamii} sp. nov., type strain LLAP-6T; and \textit{Legionella fallonii} sp. nov., type strain LLAP-10T. Three other LLAP strains, designated LLAP-7FL, LLAP-7NF and LLAP-9, were shown to be members of the species \textit{Legionella lytica}. The deductions made from the phenetic characteristics of these bacteria were consistent with the phylogenetic relationships inferred from 16S rRNA and mip gene sequence analyses. This study is the first to speciate LLAP strains on the basis of data including quantitative DNA hybridization.}, doi = {10.1099/00207713-51-3-1151}, issue = {3}, pmid = {11411684} } @article{KurokiEtAl2007a, year = {2007}, journal = {Syst Appl Microbiol}, volume = {30}, pages = {273-279}, author = {Kuroki, H. and Miyamoto, H. and Fukuda, K. and Iihara, H. and Kawamura, Y. and Ogawa, M. and Wang, Y. and Ezaki, T. and Taniguchi, H.}, title = {\textit{Legionella impletisoli} sp. nov. and \textit{Legionella yabuuchiae} sp. nov., isolated from soils contaminated with industrial wastes in Japan.}, abstract = {In this study, we tried to isolate legionellae from nine \textit{Legionella} DNA-positive soil samples collected from four different sites contaminated with industrial wastes in Japan. Using culture methods with or without Acanthamoeba culbertsoni, a total of 22 isolates of legionellae were obtained from five of the nine samples. Identification of species and/or serogroups (SGs), performed by DNA-DNA hybridization and agglutination tests, revealed that the 22 isolates consisted of ten isolates of \textit{Legionella pneumophila} including five SGs, five \textit{Legionella feeleii}, and one each of \textit{Legionella dumoffii}, \textit{Legionella longbeachae}, and \textit{Legionella jamestownensis}. The species of the remaining four isolates (strains OA1-1, -2, -3, and -4) could not be determined, suggesting that these isolates may belong to new species. The 16S rDNA sequences (1476-1488bp) of the isolates had similarities of less than 95.0% compared to other \textit{Legionella} species. A phylogenetic tree created by analysis of the 16S rRNA (1270bp) genes demonstrated that the isolates formed distinct clusters within the genus \textit{Legionella}. Quantitative DNA-DNA hybridization tests on the OA1 strains indicated that OA1-1 should be categorized as a new taxon, whereas OA1-2, -3, and -4 were also genetically independent in another taxon. Based on the evaluated phenotypic and phylogenetic characteristics, it is proposed that one of these isolates from the soils, OA1-1, be classified as a novel species, \textit{Legionella impletisoli} sp. nov.; the type strain is strain OA1-1\textsuperscript{T} (=JCM 13919\textsuperscript{T}=DSMZ 18493\textsuperscript{T}). The remaining three isolates belong to another novel \textit{Legionella} species, \textit{Legionella yabuuchiae} sp. nov.; the type strain is strain OA1-2\textsuperscript{T} (=JCM 14148\textsuperscript{T}=DSMZ 18492\textsuperscript{T}). This is the first report on the isolation of legionellae from soils contaminated with industrial wastes.}, doi = {10.1016/j.syapm.2006.11.005}, issue = {4}, pmid = {17197147} } @article{YangEtAl2012b, year = {2012}, journal = {Int J Syst Evol Microbiol}, volume = {62}, pages = {284-288}, author = {Yang, G. and Benson, R.F. and Ratcliff, R.M. and Brown, E.W. and Steigerwalt, A.G. and Thacker, W.L. and Daneshvar, M.I. and Morey, R.E. and Saito, A. and Fields, B.S.}, title = {\textit{Legionella nagasakiensis} sp. nov., isolated from water samples and from a patient with pneumonia.}, abstract = {A novel \textit{Legionella} species was identified based on analysis of 16S rRNA and mip (macrophage infectivity potentiator) gene sequences, cellular fatty acids, isoprenoid quinones, biochemical reactions, antigens and quantitative DNA-DNA hybridization. Strain CDC-1796-JAP-E\textsuperscript{T} was isolated from well water at the Nagasaki Municipal Medical Center, Japan. Two strains, CDC-3041-AUS-E and CDC-3558-AUS-E, were isolated from water samples during an outbreak of legionellosis in South Australia. Strain CDC-5427-OH-H was isolated from a 66-year-old female patient diagnosed with Legionnaires' disease in the US. Cells from these four strains were gram-negative, non-fluorescent, rod-shaped, and positive for alkaline phosphatase, esterase, leucine arylamidase, catalase, gelatinase, beta-lactamase and tyrosine browning assay. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA and mip genes revealed that the four strains formed a distinct cluster within the genus \textit{Legionella}. The bacteria contained branched-chain fatty acids and quinones that are typical of members of the genus \textit{Legionella}. Slide agglutination tests demonstrated no cross-reaction with 52 previously described members of the \textit{Legionellaceae}. DNA-DNA hybridization studies indicated that DNAs from the four strains were highly related (78-84 %) but they showed 29 % relatedness to \textit{Legionella oakridgensis} ATCC 33761\textsuperscript{T} and less than 10 % to strains of other \textit{Legionella} species tested. These characterizations suggest that the isolates represent a novel species, for which the name \textit{Legionella nagasakiensis} sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is CDC-1796-JAP-E\textsuperscript{T} ( = ATCC BAA-1557\textsuperscript{T} = JCM 15315\textsuperscript{T}).}, doi = {10.1099/ijs.0.027193-0}, issue = {2}, pmid = {21398499} } @article{BajraiEtAl2016a, year = {2016}, journal = {Int J Syst Evol Microbiol}, volume = {66}, pages = {4367-4371}, author = {Bajrai, L.H. and Azhar, E.I. and Yasir, M. and Jardot, P. and Barrassi, L. and Raoult, D. and La Scola, B. and Pagnier, I.}, title = {\textit{Legionella saoudiensis} sp. nov., isolated from a sewage water sample.}, abstract = {A Gram-stain-negative, bacilli-shaped bacterial strain, LS-1T, was isolated from a sewage water sample collected in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The taxonomic position of strain LS-1T was investigated using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and those of four other genes indicated that strain LS-1T belongs to the genus \textit{Legionella} in the family \textit{Legionellaceae}. Regarding the 16S rRNA gene, the most closely related species are \textit{Legionella rowbothamii} LLAP-6T (98.6 %) and \textit{Legionella lytica} L2T (98.5 %). The mip gene sequence of strain LS-1T showed 94 % sequence similarity with that of \textit{L. lytica} L2T and 93 % similarity with that of \textit{L. rowbothamii} LLAP-6T. Strain LS-1T grew optimally at a temperature of 32 degrees C on a buffered charcoal yeast extract (BCYE) agar plate in a 5 % CO2 atmosphere and had a flagellum. The combined phylogenetic, phenotypic and genomic sequence data suggest that strain LS-1T represents a novel species of the genus \textit{Legionella}, for which the name \textit{Legionella saoudiensis} sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LS-1T (=DSM 101682T=CSUR P2101T).}, doi = {10.1099/ijsem.0.001357}, issue = {11}, pmid = {27489234} } @article{CampbellEtAl1984c, year = {1984}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {47}, pages = {369-373}, author = {Campbell, J. and Bibb, W.F. and Lambert, M.A. and Eng, S. and Steigerwalt, A.G. and Allard, J. and Moss, C.W. and Brenner, D.J.}, title = {\textit{Legionella sainthelensi}: a new species of \textit{Legionella} isolated from water near Mt. St. Helens.}, abstract = {Six strains of a new species, \textit{Legionella sainthelensi}, were isolated from freshwater in areas affected by the volcanic eruptions of Mt. St. Helens in the state of Washington. Strains of \textit{L. sainthelensi} are culturally and biochemically similar to other legionellae. They grow on buffered charcoal yeast agar but not on media that lack cysteine. They are gram-negative, nonsporeforming, motile rods that are positive in reactions for catalase, oxidase, gelatin liquefaction, and beta-lactamase. They are negative in reactions for urease, hydrolysis of hippurate, reduction of nitrates, fermentation of glucose, and blue-white autofluorescence. Their cell wall fatty acid composition is qualitatively similar to those of other legionellae, with 50 to 62% branched-chain fatty acids. They contain the isobranched-chain 14- and 16-carbon acids and anteisobranched-chain 15- and 17-carbon acids and relatively large amounts of straight-chain 16-carbon acid. All strains of \textit{L. sainthelensi} contain approximately equal amounts of ubiquinones Q9, Q10, Q11, and Q12, a pattern similar to those of \textit{Legionella bozemanii}, \textit{Legionella dumoffi}, and \textit{Legionella longbeachae}. Serological cross-reactions were observed between \textit{L. sainthelensi}, both serogroups of \textit{L. longbeachae}, and \textit{Legionella oakridgensis}. Three strains of \textit{L. sainthelensi} were greater than 90% related by DNA hybridization. The type strain of \textit{L. sainthelensi}, Mt. St. Helens 4, was 36% related to the type strain of \textit{L. longbeachae} and 3 to 14% related to the other nine described \textit{Legionella} species.}, doi = {10.1128/AEM.47.2.369-373.1984}, issue = {2}, pmid = {6712210} } @article{BrennerEtAl1985a, year = {1985}, journal = {Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol.}, volume = {35}, pages = {50-59}, author = {Brenner, D.J. and Steigerwalt, A.G. and Gorman, G.W. and Wilkinson, H.W. and Bibb, W.F. and Hackel, M. and Tyndall, R.L. and Campbell, J. and Feeley, J.C. and Thacker, W.L. and Skaliy, P. and Martin, W.T. and Brake, B.J. and Fields, B.S. and McEACHERN, H.V. and Corcoran, L.K.}, title = {Ten new species of \textit{Legionella}.}, doi = {10.1099/00207713-35-1-50}, issue = {1} } @article{ThackerEtAl1992a, year = {1992}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {30}, pages = {2398-2401}, author = {Thacker, W.L. and Dyke, J.W. and Benson, R.F. and Havlichek, D.H.J. and Robinson-Dunn, B. and Stiefel, H. and Schneider, W. and Moss, C.W. and Mayberry, W.R. and Brenner, D.J.}, title = {\textit{Legionella lansingensis} sp. nov. isolated from a patient with pneumonia and underlying chronic lymphocytic leukemia.}, abstract = {A \textit{Legionella}-like organism, strain 1677-MI-H, was isolated from the bronchoscopy washings of a patient with pneumonia who had a 2-year history of progressive, chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The growth characteristics, cellular fatty acids, and ubiquinone content of the isolate were consistent with those for \textit{Legionella} spp. The isolate was serologically distinct in the slide agglutination test with absorbed antisera. DNA hybridization studies showed that strain 1677-MI-H (ATCC 49751) represents a new \textit{Legionella} species which is named \textit{Legionella lansingensis}.}, doi = {10.1128/jcm.30.9.2398-2401.1992}, issue = {9}, pmid = {1401005} } @article{EdelsteinEtAl1982a, year = {1982}, journal = {Ann Intern Med}, volume = {97}, pages = {809-813}, author = {Edelstein, P.H. and Brenner, D.J. and Moss, C.W. and Steigerwalt, A.G. and Francis, E.M. and George, W.L.}, title = {\textit{Legionella wadsworthii} species nova: a cause of human pneumonia.}, abstract = {A new species of \textit{Legionella} that caused pneumonia in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia has been characterized. The \textit{Legionella wadsworthii} species nova is proposed for this bacterium. The type strain is Wadsworth 81-716A (American Type Culture Collection 33877). The new species differs phenotypically from \textit{L. pneumophila} in that the predominant cellular fatty acid is methyl-12-methyltetradecanoic acid (a-15:0) rather than methyl-14-methylpentadecanoic acid (i-16:0), and in its failure to react with \textit{L. pneumophila} antiserum. The clinical illness caused by \textit{L. wadsworthii} was not apparently different from that seen with other legionella infections, except for prolonged fever and slow resolution of pulmonary infiltrates.}, doi = {10.7326/0003-4819-97-6-809}, issue = {6}, pmid = {6756238} } @article{WuEtAl2019f, year = {2019}, journal = {Int J Syst Evol Microbiol}, volume = {69}, pages = {2017-2022}, author = {Wu, H.Y. and Yan, H. and Zheng, M.L. and Sun, M.M. and Wang, Q. and Hu, C.M. and Zhan, X.Y. and Yuan, M.G. and Qu, P.H. and Hu, C.H.}, title = {\textit{Legionella qingyii} sp. nov., isolated from water samples in China.}, abstract = {Three \textit{Legionella}-like strains, designed km488\textsuperscript{T}, km489 and km521, were isolated from freshwater samples in China. Cells were Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped and non-spore-forming. Growth was observed on BCYEalpha agar, but not on BCYEalpha agar without l-cysteine, chocolate agar with PolyViteX or Columbia blood agar. The major fatty acids (>5 %) of strains km488\textsuperscript{T}, km489 and km521 were C16 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0. The mip gene sequences (574 nt) showed the isolates were almost identical with more than 99.7 % sequence similarities, and closely matched to \textit{L. gormanii} ATCC 33297\textsuperscript{T} with 95.4-95.6 % sequence similarities. Phylogenetic analyses based on concatenated gene (16S rRNA, mip, rpoB and rnpB) sequences indicated that the isolates formed a distinct cluster along with \textit{L. gormanii} within the genus \textit{Legionella}. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight analyses also demonstrated a clear separation between the isolates and other closely and distantly related \textit{Legionella} species. DNA-DNA hybridization studies demonstrated that the isolates were closely related (92.0 -95.0 % DNA-DNA relatedness) but differentiated from their phylogenetic neighbours (<70 % DNA-DNA relatedness). The whole genome of km488\textsuperscript{T} was sequenced, and showed a G+C content of 37.8 mol%. Based on the findings from this polyphasic taxonomic study, the isolates are considered to represent a single novel species, for which the name \textit{Legionella qingyii} sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is km488\textsuperscript{T} (KCTC 15636\textsuperscript{T}=CCTCC AB 2018025\textsuperscript{T}=NRBC 113223\textsuperscript{T}).}, doi = {10.1099/ijsem.0.003421}, issue = {7}, pmid = {31063123} } @article{AdelekeEtAl2001a, year = {2001}, journal = {Int J Syst Evol Microbiol}, volume = {51}, pages = {1151-1160}, author = {Adeleke, A.A. and Fields, B.S. and Benson, R.F. and Daneshvar, M.I. and Pruckler, J.M. and Ratcliff, R.M. and Harrison, T.G. and Weyant, R.S. and Birtles, R.J. and Raoult, D. and Halablab, M.A.}, title = {\textit{Legionella drozanskii} sp. nov., \textit{Legionella rowbothamii} sp. nov. and \textit{Legionella fallonii} sp. nov.: three unusual new \textit{Legionella} species.}, abstract = {Seven strains of \textit{Legionella}-like amoebal pathogens (LLAPs) were characterized on the basis of their cultural and staining characteristics, biochemical reactions, serology, cellular fatty acids (CFAs), isoprenoid quinone composition, total DNA relatedness, analysis of 16S rRNA and macrophage infectivity potentiator (mip) gene sequence analyses. All seven strains exhibited limited growth on buffered charcoal yeast extract alpha (BCYE) agar, required cysteine for growth and contained branched-chain CFAs and quinones typical of \textit{Legionella} species. The bacilli were Gram-negative and catalase-positive. There were varying degrees of serological cross-reactions between these LLAP strains and other previously described \textit{Legionella} species. Results from the various tests revealed that four LLAP strains represent three unusual new species of \textit{Legionella}: \textit{Legionella drozanskii} sp. nov., type strain LLAP-1T; \textit{Legionella rowbothamii} sp. nov., type strain LLAP-6T; and \textit{Legionella fallonii} sp. nov., type strain LLAP-10T. Three other LLAP strains, designated LLAP-7FL, LLAP-7NF and LLAP-9, were shown to be members of the species \textit{Legionella lytica}. The deductions made from the phenetic characteristics of these bacteria were consistent with the phylogenetic relationships inferred from 16S rRNA and mip gene sequence analyses. This study is the first to speciate LLAP strains on the basis of data including quantitative DNA hybridization.}, doi = {10.1099/00207713-51-3-1151}, issue = {3}, pmid = {11411684} } @article{CampocassoEtAl2012a, year = {2012}, journal = {Int J Syst Evol Microbiol}, volume = {62}, pages = {3003-3006}, author = {Campocasso, A. and Boughalmi, M. and Fournous, G. and Raoult, D. and La Scola, B.}, title = {\textit{Legionella tunisiensis} sp. nov. and \textit{Legionella massiliensis} sp. nov., isolated from environmental water samples.}, abstract = {Two isolates of intra-amoeba-growing bacteria, LegA\textsuperscript{T} ( = DSM 24804\textsuperscript{T} = CSUR P146\textsuperscript{T}) and LegM\textsuperscript{T} ( = DSM 24805\textsuperscript{T} = CSUR P145\textsuperscript{T}), were characterized on the basis of microscopic appearance, staining characteristics, axenic growth at different temperatures and the sequences of the mip, rpoB, 16S rRNA and rnpb genes, as well as the 23S-5S region. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these two isolates lay within the radius of the family \textit{Legionellaceae}. Furthermore, the analysis of these genes yielded congruent data that indicated that, although strain LegM\textsuperscript{T} clusters specifically with \textit{Legionella feeleii} ATCC 35072\textsuperscript{T} and LegA\textsuperscript{T} clusters with \textit{Legionella nautarum} ATCC 49596\textsuperscript{T}, the divergence observed between these species was greater than that observed between other members of the family. Taken together, these results support the proposal that these two isolates represent novel members of the genus \textit{Legionella}, and we propose to name them \textit{Legionella tunisiensis} sp. nov. for LegM\textsuperscript{T} ( = DSM 24805\textsuperscript{T} = CSUR P145\textsuperscript{T}) and \textit{Legionella massiliensis} sp. nov. for LegA\textsuperscript{T} ( = DSM 24804\textsuperscript{T} = CSUR P146\textsuperscript{T}).}, doi = {10.1099/ijs.0.037853-0}, issue = {12}, pmid = {22307511} } @article{BrennerEtAl1980a, year = {1980}, journal = {Curr. Microbiol.}, volume = {4}, pages = {111-116}, author = {Brenner, D.J. and Steigerwalt, A.G. and Gorman, G.W. and Weaver, R.E. and Feeley, J.C. and Cordes, L.G. and Wilkinson, H.W. and Patton, C. and Thomason, B.M. and Lewallen Sasseville, K.R.}, title = {\textit{Legionella bozemanii} sp. nov. and \textit{Legionella dumoffii} sp. nov.: classification of two additional species of \textit{Legionella} associated with human pneumonia.}, doi = {10.1007/bf02602903} } @article{GarrityEtAl1980a, year = {1980}, journal = {Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol.}, volume = {30}, pages = {609-614}, author = {Garrity, G.M. and Brown, A. and Vickers, R.M.}, title = {\textit{Tatlockia} and \textit{Fluoribacter}: two new genera of organisms resembling \textit{Legionella pneumophila}.}, doi = {10.1099/00207713-30-4-609}, issue = {4} } @article{BrownEtAl1981a, year = {1981}, journal = {Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol.}, volume = {31}, pages = {111-115}, author = {Brown, A. and Garrity, G.M. and Vickers, R.M.}, title = {\textit{Fluoribacter dumoffii} (Brenner et al.) comb. nov. and \textit{Fluoribacter gormanii} (Morris et al.) comb. nov.}, doi = {10.1099/00207713-31-2-111}, issue = {2} } @article{MorrisEtAl1980a, year = {1980}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {12}, pages = {718-721}, author = {Morris, G.K. and Steigerwalt, A. and Feeley, J.C. and Wong, E.S. and Martin, W.T. and Patton, C.M. and Brenner, D.J.}, title = {\textit{Legionella gormanii} sp. nov.}, abstract = {A new species of \textit{Legionella} was isolated from soil collected from a creek bank. The name \textit{Legionella gormanii} sp. nov. is proposed.}, doi = {10.1128/jcm.12.5.718-721.1980}, issue = {5}, pmid = {7276144} } @article{BrennerEtAl1980a, year = {1980}, journal = {Curr. Microbiol.}, volume = {4}, pages = {111-116}, author = {Brenner, D.J. and Steigerwalt, A.G. and Gorman, G.W. and Weaver, R.E. and Feeley, J.C. and Cordes, L.G. and Wilkinson, H.W. and Patton, C. and Thomason, B.M. and Lewallen Sasseville, K.R.}, title = {\textit{Legionella bozemanii} sp. nov. and \textit{Legionella dumoffii} sp. nov.: classification of two additional species of \textit{Legionella} associated with human pneumonia.}, doi = {10.1007/bf02602903} } @article{BrownEtAl1981a, year = {1981}, journal = {Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol.}, volume = {31}, pages = {111-115}, author = {Brown, A. and Garrity, G.M. and Vickers, R.M.}, title = {\textit{Fluoribacter dumoffii} (Brenner et al.) comb. nov. and \textit{Fluoribacter gormanii} (Morris et al.) comb. nov.}, doi = {10.1099/00207713-31-2-111}, issue = {2} } @article{BrennerEtAl1985a, year = {1985}, journal = {Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol.}, volume = {35}, pages = {50-59}, author = {Brenner, D.J. and Steigerwalt, A.G. and Gorman, G.W. and Wilkinson, H.W. and Bibb, W.F. and Hackel, M. and Tyndall, R.L. and Campbell, J. and Feeley, J.C. and Thacker, W.L. and Skaliy, P. and Martin, W.T. and Brake, B.J. and Fields, B.S. and McEACHERN, H.V. and Corcoran, L.K.}, title = {Ten new species of \textit{Legionella}.}, doi = {10.1099/00207713-35-1-50}, issue = {1} } @article{GormanEtAl1985a, year = {1985}, journal = {Appl Environ Microbiol}, volume = {49}, pages = {305-309}, author = {Gorman, G.W. and Feeley, J.C. and Steigerwalt, A. and Edelstein, P.H. and Moss, C.W. and Brenner, D.J.}, title = {\textit{Legionella anisa}: a new species of \textit{Legionella} isolated from potable waters and a cooling tower.}, abstract = {Between March 1980 and June 1981, five strains of \textit{Legionella}-like organisms were isolated from water. Four were recovered from potable water collected from hospitals in Chicago, Ill., and Los Angeles, Calif., during outbreaks of nosocomial legionellosis. The fifth strain was isolated from water collected from an industrial cooling tower in Jamestown, N.Y. The strains exhibited biochemical reactions typical of \textit{Legionella} species and were gram-negative motile rods which grew on buffered charcoal-yeast extract agar but not on blood agar, required cysteine, and were catalase positive, urease negative, nitrate negative, hippurate negative, and nonfermentative. All strains were positive for oxidase and beta-lactamase and produced a brown, diffusible pigment. Of the five strains, four exhibited blue-white autofluorescence under long-wavelength UV light. The fatty-acid composition and ubiquinone content of these strains were consistent with those of other \textit{Legionella} species. Direct fluorescent-antibody examination of the five strains with conjugates to previously described \textit{Legionella} species demonstrated no cross-reactions except with the conjugates to \textit{L. longbeachae} serogroup 2 and \textit{L. bozemanii} serogroup 2. Four strains gave a 4+ reaction to the \textit{L. longbeachae} serogroup 2 conjugate and the fifth strain gave a 1+ reaction. Each of the five strains gave a 4+ reaction with the conjugate to \textit{L. bozemanii} serogroup 2. DNAs from the five strains were highly related (84 to 99%) and showed 5 to 57% relatedness to other \textit{Legionella} species. These strains constitute a new species in the genus \textit{Legionella}, and the name \textit{Legionella anisa} sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of \textit{L. anisa} is WA-316-C3 (ATCC 35292).}, doi = {10.1128/aem.49.2.305-309.1985}, issue = {2}, pmid = {3985609} } @article{BornsteinEtAl1989a, year = {1989}, journal = {Res Microbiol}, volume = {140}, pages = {541-552}, author = {Bornstein, N. and Marmet, D. and Surgot, M. and Nowicki, M. and Meugnier, H. and Fleurette, J. and Ageron, E. and Grimont, F. and Grimont, P.A. and Thacker, W.L. and et al}, title = {\textit{Legionella gratiana} sp. nov. isolated from French spa water.}, abstract = {During an epidemiologic survey, an unidentified strain of \textit{Legionella} was isolated from water of a thermal spa in France. The strain (Lyon 8420412) had the cultural and biochemical characteristics typical of the genus \textit{Legionella}. In direct immunofluorescence tests, the strain reacted weakly with fluorescein-conjugated antisera prepared against \textit{L. bozemanii} serogroups 1 and 2, \textit{L. longbeachae} serogroups 1 and 2 and \textit{L. anisa}, and failed to react with sera prepared against 36 other species or serogroups. A fluorescein-conjugated antiserum prepared against strain Lyon 8420412 reacted strongly with the homologous strain and only weakly with the above-mentioned species. The cell-wall fatty acid profile, with a predominance of hexadecenoic (16:1) and hexadecanoic (16:0) acids, ubiquinone Q10 as the major quinone and a characteristic protein electrophoresis profile suggested that the isolate was different from other \textit{Legionella} species. In DNA-DNA hybridization experiments, the strain was distinct from all named \textit{Legionella} species, and from all unnamed species currently under study at the Centers for Disease Control. The name \textit{Legionella gratiana} is proposed for the new species (type strain Lyon 8420412; CDC 1242). A serologic survey of antibodies reacting against \textit{L. gratiana} indicated that personnel or patients at the spa therapy centre where the organism was isolated had higher antibody titres than a control population.}, doi = {10.1016/0923-2508(89)90086-7}, issue = {8}, pmid = {2696060} } @article{WilkinsonEtAl1987a, year = {1987}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {25}, pages = {2120-2122}, author = {Wilkinson, H.W. and Thacker, W.L. and Benson, R.F. and Polt, S.S. and Brookings, E. and Mayberry, W.R. and Brenner, D.J. and Gilley, R.G. and Kirklin, J.K.}, title = {\textit{Legionella birminghamensis} sp. nov. isolated from a cardiac transplant recipient.}, abstract = {A \textit{Legionella}-like organism, strain 1407-AL-H, was isolated from a transbronchial lung biopsy specimen from a cardiac transplant recipient undergoing immunosuppressive therapy. The strain grew on buffered charcoal-yeast extract agar (BCYE) but not on BCYE in the absence of cysteine, and it showed gas-liquid chromatographic fatty acid profiles that were predominantly branch chained. Strain 1407-AL-H was antigenically distinct in slide agglutination tests from the 23 \textit{Legionella} species and 39 serogroups previously described. DNA hybridization studies placed it in a new \textit{Legionella} species, \textit{Legionella birminghamensis} (ATCC 43702).}, doi = {10.1128/jcm.25.11.2120-2122.1987}, issue = {11}, pmid = {3320081} } @article{BrennerEtAl1985a, year = {1985}, journal = {Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol.}, volume = {35}, pages = {50-59}, author = {Brenner, D.J. and Steigerwalt, A.G. and Gorman, G.W. and Wilkinson, H.W. and Bibb, W.F. and Hackel, M. and Tyndall, R.L. and Campbell, J. and Feeley, J.C. and Thacker, W.L. and Skaliy, P. and Martin, W.T. and Brake, B.J. and Fields, B.S. and McEACHERN, H.V. and Corcoran, L.K.}, title = {Ten new species of \textit{Legionella}.}, doi = {10.1099/00207713-35-1-50}, issue = {1} } @article{BrennerEtAl1985a, year = {1985}, journal = {Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol.}, volume = {35}, pages = {50-59}, author = {Brenner, D.J. and Steigerwalt, A.G. and Gorman, G.W. and Wilkinson, H.W. and Bibb, W.F. and Hackel, M. and Tyndall, R.L. and Campbell, J. and Feeley, J.C. and Thacker, W.L. and Skaliy, P. and Martin, W.T. and Brake, B.J. and Fields, B.S. and McEACHERN, H.V. and Corcoran, L.K.}, title = {Ten new species of \textit{Legionella}.}, doi = {10.1099/00207713-35-1-50}, issue = {1} } @article{BrennerEtAl1985a, year = {1985}, journal = {Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol.}, volume = {35}, pages = {50-59}, author = {Brenner, D.J. and Steigerwalt, A.G. and Gorman, G.W. and Wilkinson, H.W. and Bibb, W.F. and Hackel, M. and Tyndall, R.L. and Campbell, J. and Feeley, J.C. and Thacker, W.L. and Skaliy, P. and Martin, W.T. and Brake, B.J. and Fields, B.S. and McEACHERN, H.V. and Corcoran, L.K.}, title = {Ten new species of \textit{Legionella}.}, doi = {10.1099/00207713-35-1-50}, issue = {1} } @article{EdelsteinEtAl2012a, year = {2012}, journal = {Int J Syst Evol Microbiol}, volume = {62}, pages = {1766-1771}, author = {Edelstein, P.H. and Edelstein, M.A. and Shephard, L.J. and Ward, K.W. and Ratcliff, R.M.}, title = {\textit{Legionella steelei} sp. nov., isolated from human respiratory specimens in California, USA, and South Australia.}, abstract = {\textit{Legionella}-like bacteria were isolated from the respiratory tract of two patients in California, USA, and South Australia, but were not thought to cause disease. These bacteria, strains F2632 and IMVS-3376\textsuperscript{T}, were found to have identical \textit{Legionella} macrophage infectivity potentiator (mip) gene sequences and were therefore further characterized to determine their genetic and phenotypic relatedness and properties. Both of these Gram-negative-staining bacterial strains grew on buffered charcoal yeast extract medium, were cysteine auxotrophs and made a characteristic diffusible bright yellow fluorescent pigment, with one strain making a late appearing colony-bound blue-white fluorescent pigment. The optimal in vitro growth temperature was 35 degrees C, with very poor growth at 37 degrees C in broth or on solid media. There was no growth in human A549 cells at either 35 or 37 degrees C, but excellent growth in Acanthamoeba castellani at 30 degrees C and poorer growth at 35 degrees C. Phylogenetic analysis of these bacteria was performed by sequence analysis of 16S rRNA, mip, ribonuclease P, ribosomal polymerase B and zinc metalloprotease genes. These studies confirmed that the new strains represented a single novel species of the genus \textit{Legionella} for which the name \textit{Legionella steelei} sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is IMVS-3376\textsuperscript{T} ( = IMVS 3113\textsuperscript{T} = ATCC BAA-2169\textsuperscript{T}).}, doi = {10.1099/ijs.0.035709-0}, issue = {8}, pmid = {21948093} } @article{BrennerEtAl1985a, year = {1985}, journal = {Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol.}, volume = {35}, pages = {50-59}, author = {Brenner, D.J. and Steigerwalt, A.G. and Gorman, G.W. and Wilkinson, H.W. and Bibb, W.F. and Hackel, M. and Tyndall, R.L. and Campbell, J. and Feeley, J.C. and Thacker, W.L. and Skaliy, P. and Martin, W.T. and Brake, B.J. and Fields, B.S. and McEACHERN, H.V. and Corcoran, L.K.}, title = {Ten new species of \textit{Legionella}.}, doi = {10.1099/00207713-35-1-50}, issue = {1} } @article{BensonEtAl1996a, year = {1996}, journal = {Int J Syst Bacteriol}, volume = {46}, pages = {631-634}, author = {Benson, R.F. and Thacker, W.L. and Daneshvar, M.I. and Brenner, D.J.}, title = {\textit{Legionella waltersii} sp. nov. and an unnamed \textit{Legionella} genomospecies isolated from water in Australia.}, abstract = {Two \textit{Legionella}-like organisms were isolated from water samples obtained in Adelaide, Australia. One organisms was isolated from a drinking water distribution system, and the other was isolated from a cooling tower at a sewage treatment plant. Both strains required L-cysteine for growth and contained cellular branched-chain fatty acids and ubiquinones typical of the genus \textit{Legionella}. These strains were serologically distinct from each other as determined by a slide agglutination test. STrain 2074-AUS-ET (T = type strain) was serologically distinct from all previously described \textit{Legionella} species and serotypes. Strain 2055-AUS-E could not be differentiated biochemically or serologically from \textit{Legionella quinlivanii}. Both strains were shown by DNA hybridization studies (Hydroxyapatite method) to be members of new \textit{Legionella} species. \textit{Legionella waltersii} sp. nov. is the name proposed for strain 2074-AUS-ET (= ATCC 51914T). \textit{L. waltersii} was less than 10% related to other \textit{Legionella} species. Strain 2055-AUS-E (= ATCC 51913) was informally named \textit{Legionella} genomospecies 1, since it could not be phenotypically distinguished from \textit{L. quinlivanii}. \textit{Legionella} genomospecies 1 was closely related to \textit{L. quinlivanii} strains (53 to 69% related with 4.5 to 6.5% divergence at 60 degrees C and 31 to 52% related at 75 degrees C).}, doi = {10.1099/00207713-46-3-631}, issue = {3}, pmid = {8782669} } @article{BrennerEtAl1979b, year = {1979}, journal = {Ann Intern Med}, volume = {90}, pages = {656-658}, author = {Brenner, D.J. and Steigerwalt, A.G. and McDade, J.E.}, title = {Classification of the Legionnaires' disease bacterium: \textit{Legionella pneumophila}, genus novum, species nova, of the family \textit{Legionellaceae}, familia nova.}, abstract = {Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) relatedness was used to classify strains of the Legionnaires' disease (LD) bacterium. These DNA comparisons showed that all strains of the LD bacterium were members of the same species. Included were strains isolated from the environment and strains with three different O-antigens. The DNA from the LD bacterium was not significantly related to DNA from any other group of bacteria that was tested. Biochemical data, growth characteristics, and guanine-plus-cytosine ratios were used to rule out the possibility that the LD bacterium was significantly related to members of genera whose DNA was not tested. In view of these data we propose that the LD bacterium be named \textit{Legionella pneumophila} species nova, the type species of \textit{Legionella}, genus novum. The type strain of \textit{L. pneumophila} is Philadelphia 1.}, doi = {10.7326/0003-4819-90-4-656}, issue = {4}, pmid = {434652} } @article{BrennerEtAl1988a, year = {1988}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {26}, pages = {1695-1703}, author = {Brenner, D.J. and Steigerwalt, A.G. and Epple, P. and Bibb, W.F. and McKinney, R.M. and Starnes, R.W. and Colville, J.M. and Selander, R.K. and Edelstein, P.H. and Moss, C.W.}, title = {\textit{Legionella pneumophila} serogroup Lansing 3 isolated from a patient with fatal pneumonia, and descriptions of \textit{L. pneumophila} subsp. \textit{pneumophila} subsp. nov., \textit{L. pneumophila} subsp. \textit{fraseri} subsp. nov., and \textit{L. pneumophila} subsp. \textit{pascullei} subsp. nov.}, abstract = {Previous DNA relatedness and enzyme electrophoretic mobility studies indicated heterogeneity among strains of \textit{Legionella pneumophila} serogroups 1, 4, 5, and Lansing 3 (a new, as yet unnumbered serogroup). In this study 60 \textit{L. pneumophila} strains were studied by DNA hybridization (hydroxyapatite method) to assess their genomic relatedness. These strains were also studied biochemically and serologically to determine whether they formed one or more phenotypic groups. DNA relatedness studies identified three groups. DNA group 1 contained the type strain Philadelphia 1 and strains from serogroups 1 through 14 of \textit{L. pneumophila}. The average relatedness of DNA group 1 strains was 88% at 60 degrees C with 1.1% divergence in related sequences and 85% at 75 degrees C. DNA group 2 contained strain Los Angeles 1, the reference strain of serogroup 4, and strains of serogroups 1, 4, 5, and Lansing 3, an unnumbered serogroup. Average relatedness of DNA group 2 strains was 84% at 60 degrees C with 0.7% divergence and 87% at 75 degrees C. Reciprocal relatedness of DNA groups 1 and 2 was approximately 67% at 60 degrees C with 6.0% divergence and 48% at 75 degrees C. DNA group 3 strains were in serogroup 5. They were 98% related at 60 degrees C with 0.5% divergence and 97% related at 75 degrees C. Reciprocal relatedness of DNA group 3 and DNA group 1 was approximately 74% at 60 degrees C with 5.3% divergence and 43% at 75 degrees C, and reciprocal relatedness of DNA groups 3 and 2 was 66% at 60 degrees C with 5.7% divergence and 55% at 75 degrees C. The DNA groups could not be separated biochemically or serologically or by cell wall fatty acid and isoprenoid quinone composition. Three subspecies of \textit{L. pneumophila} are proposed to accommodate the three DNA groups: \textit{L. pneumophila} subsp. \textit{pneumophila} subsp. nov. for DNA group 1, \textit{L. pneumophila} subsp. \textit{fraseri} subsp. nov. for DNA group 2, and pneumophila subsp. pascullei subsp. nov. for DNA group 3.}, doi = {10.1128/jcm.26.9.1695-1703.1988}, issue = {9}, pmid = {3053773} } @article{DennisEtAl1993a, year = {1993}, journal = {Int J Syst Bacteriol}, volume = {43}, pages = {329-337}, author = {Dennis, P.J. and Brenner, D.J. and Thacker, W.L. and Wait, R. and Vesey, G. and Steigerwalt, A.G. and Benson, R.F.}, title = {Five new \textit{Legionella} species isolated from water.}, abstract = {Fourteen \textit{Legionella}-like strains isolated from aquatic sources have been characterized serologically, biochemically, and in terms of DNA relatedness. The strains grew on buffered charcoal-yeast extract agar but not on blood agar and displayed phenotypic characteristics typical of the family \textit{Legionellaceae}, including a requirement for cysteine, cellular fatty acid compositions in which branched-chain acids predominate, and the possession of isoprenoid quinones of the ubiquinone series with more than 10 isoprene units in their side chains. All were nonfermentative, lacked urease, were incapable of nitrate reduction, and reacted positively with a DNA probe specific for the \textit{Legionellaceae}. DNA hybridization studies in which the hydroxyapatite method was used demonstrated that the strains represented five new species of the genus \textit{Legionella}. Nine of the strains were more than 90% interrelated, and the name \textit{Legionella londiniensis} sp. nov. is proposed for this group. Two strains formed a second hybridization group, for which the name \textit{Legionella nautarum} sp. nov. is proposed, while the three remaining species, \textit{Legionella geestiana} sp. nov., \textit{Legionella quateirensis} sp. nov., and \textit{Legionella worsleiensis} sp. nov., are each represented by a single strain. The levels of relatedness of the new species to each other are 23% or less, and the levels of relatedness to other members of the genus ranged from 0 to 36%. \textit{L. geestiana}, \textit{L. nautarum}, and \textit{L. londiniensis} are serologically unrelated to all other known \textit{Legionella} species. \textit{L. worsleiensis} cannot be separated from \textit{Legionella pneumophila} serogroup 4 by serological methods and is also serologically indistinguishable from \textit{L. quateirensis}; distinctions may be made on the basis of fatty acid composition and biochemical reactions.}, doi = {10.1099/00207713-43-2-329}, issue = {2}, pmid = {8494743} } @article{DennisEtAl1993a, year = {1993}, journal = {Int J Syst Bacteriol}, volume = {43}, pages = {329-337}, author = {Dennis, P.J. and Brenner, D.J. and Thacker, W.L. and Wait, R. and Vesey, G. and Steigerwalt, A.G. and Benson, R.F.}, title = {Five new \textit{Legionella} species isolated from water.}, abstract = {Fourteen \textit{Legionella}-like strains isolated from aquatic sources have been characterized serologically, biochemically, and in terms of DNA relatedness. The strains grew on buffered charcoal-yeast extract agar but not on blood agar and displayed phenotypic characteristics typical of the family \textit{Legionellaceae}, including a requirement for cysteine, cellular fatty acid compositions in which branched-chain acids predominate, and the possession of isoprenoid quinones of the ubiquinone series with more than 10 isoprene units in their side chains. All were nonfermentative, lacked urease, were incapable of nitrate reduction, and reacted positively with a DNA probe specific for the \textit{Legionellaceae}. DNA hybridization studies in which the hydroxyapatite method was used demonstrated that the strains represented five new species of the genus \textit{Legionella}. Nine of the strains were more than 90% interrelated, and the name \textit{Legionella londiniensis} sp. nov. is proposed for this group. Two strains formed a second hybridization group, for which the name \textit{Legionella nautarum} sp. nov. is proposed, while the three remaining species, \textit{Legionella geestiana} sp. nov., \textit{Legionella quateirensis} sp. nov., and \textit{Legionella worsleiensis} sp. nov., are each represented by a single strain. The levels of relatedness of the new species to each other are 23% or less, and the levels of relatedness to other members of the genus ranged from 0 to 36%. \textit{L. geestiana}, \textit{L. nautarum}, and \textit{L. londiniensis} are serologically unrelated to all other known \textit{Legionella} species. \textit{L. worsleiensis} cannot be separated from \textit{Legionella pneumophila} serogroup 4 by serological methods and is also serologically indistinguishable from \textit{L. quateirensis}; distinctions may be made on the basis of fatty acid composition and biochemical reactions.}, doi = {10.1099/00207713-43-2-329}, issue = {2}, pmid = {8494743} } @article{BrennerEtAl1988a, year = {1988}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {26}, pages = {1695-1703}, author = {Brenner, D.J. and Steigerwalt, A.G. and Epple, P. and Bibb, W.F. and McKinney, R.M. and Starnes, R.W. and Colville, J.M. and Selander, R.K. and Edelstein, P.H. and Moss, C.W.}, title = {\textit{Legionella pneumophila} serogroup Lansing 3 isolated from a patient with fatal pneumonia, and descriptions of \textit{L. pneumophila} subsp. \textit{pneumophila} subsp. nov., \textit{L. pneumophila} subsp. \textit{fraseri} subsp. nov., and \textit{L. pneumophila} subsp. \textit{pascullei} subsp. nov.}, abstract = {Previous DNA relatedness and enzyme electrophoretic mobility studies indicated heterogeneity among strains of \textit{Legionella pneumophila} serogroups 1, 4, 5, and Lansing 3 (a new, as yet unnumbered serogroup). In this study 60 \textit{L. pneumophila} strains were studied by DNA hybridization (hydroxyapatite method) to assess their genomic relatedness. These strains were also studied biochemically and serologically to determine whether they formed one or more phenotypic groups. DNA relatedness studies identified three groups. DNA group 1 contained the type strain Philadelphia 1 and strains from serogroups 1 through 14 of \textit{L. pneumophila}. The average relatedness of DNA group 1 strains was 88% at 60 degrees C with 1.1% divergence in related sequences and 85% at 75 degrees C. DNA group 2 contained strain Los Angeles 1, the reference strain of serogroup 4, and strains of serogroups 1, 4, 5, and Lansing 3, an unnumbered serogroup. Average relatedness of DNA group 2 strains was 84% at 60 degrees C with 0.7% divergence and 87% at 75 degrees C. Reciprocal relatedness of DNA groups 1 and 2 was approximately 67% at 60 degrees C with 6.0% divergence and 48% at 75 degrees C. DNA group 3 strains were in serogroup 5. They were 98% related at 60 degrees C with 0.5% divergence and 97% related at 75 degrees C. Reciprocal relatedness of DNA group 3 and DNA group 1 was approximately 74% at 60 degrees C with 5.3% divergence and 43% at 75 degrees C, and reciprocal relatedness of DNA groups 3 and 2 was 66% at 60 degrees C with 5.7% divergence and 55% at 75 degrees C. The DNA groups could not be separated biochemically or serologically or by cell wall fatty acid and isoprenoid quinone composition. Three subspecies of \textit{L. pneumophila} are proposed to accommodate the three DNA groups: \textit{L. pneumophila} subsp. \textit{pneumophila} subsp. nov. for DNA group 1, \textit{L. pneumophila} subsp. \textit{fraseri} subsp. nov. for DNA group 2, and pneumophila subsp. pascullei subsp. nov. for DNA group 3.}, doi = {10.1128/jcm.26.9.1695-1703.1988}, issue = {9}, pmid = {3053773} } @article{ThackerEtAl1988a, year = {1988}, journal = {J Clin Microbiol}, volume = {26}, pages = {418-420}, author = {Thacker, W.L. and Benson, R.F. and Staneck, J.L. and Vincent, S.R. and Mayberry, W.R. and Brenner, D.J. and Wilkinson, H.W.}, title = {\textit{Legionella cincinnatiensis} sp. nov. isolated from a patient with pneumonia.}, abstract = {A \textit{Legionella}-like organism (strain 72-OH-H [= ATCC 43753]) was isolated from an open-lung biopsy specimen from a hemodialysis patient with end-stage renal disease and bronchopneumonia. Growth characteristics and gas-liquid chromatographic profiles of the isolate were consistent with those for \textit{Legionella} spp. The isolate was presumptively identified as a \textit{Legionella longbeachae} serogroup 1 strain by direct immunofluorescence staining. However, the organism was serologically distinct in the slide agglutination test with absorbed antisera. DNA hybridization studies showed that strain 72-OH-H constitutes a new \textit{Legionella} species, which is named \textit{Legionella cincinnatiensis} (ATCC 43753).}, doi = {10.1128/jcm.26.3.418-420.1988}, issue = {3}, pmid = {3281971} }